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A* ALGORITHM BASICS FOR PATH FINDING & HEURISTICS METHODS : ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 A* ALGORITHM BASICS FOR PATH FINDING A* , widely used  known form of best-first search & path planning algorithm nowadays in mobile robots,games. this is the function for A*,                                     f(n) = g(n) + h(n) g ( n ) is the cost of the path from the start node to n , and h ( n ) is a heuristic function that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from n to the goal This will find cheapest f(n) value in neighbor nodes to archive goal node. check below image  A to B path finding with g(n),h(n),f(n) value In the final level check below image Now we will check the Algorithm // A* Search Algorithm 1. Initialize the open list 2. Initialize the closed list put the starting node on the open list (you can leave its f at zero) 3. while the open list is not empty a) find the node with the least f on the open list, call it "q" b) pop q off the open list c) generate q's 8 successors

Microcontroller Programming Beginning with Arduino

Micro-controllers Tiny, self­contained computers in an IC Often contain peripherals Different packages available Vast array of size and power availible  Sensory Input Robots need to be able to receive input from the world in the form of sensory input. Micro-controllers handle this input. Thousands of sophisticated sensors available Pressure/Force Sensors GPS Locators Gyroscopes Wheel Encoders In-fared Proximity Detectors Accelerometers Ultrasonic Range-finders Alcohol Vapor Density Detectors Arduino  Development board for the ATMega328 Inludes    Programmer,    Voltage Regulators    Serial to USB Converter CHEAP ­­ $30! Has everything you need!   Arduino C Template    void setup() {      // Setup stuff to only run once at the beginning      }    void loop()   {     // This function gets called indefinatly   }   Peripherals  Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) Counters/Timers (TMRx) PWM Modules (CCP/PWM) Ser

A Tour of Arduino

One of the keys to the Arduino’s success is the minimal amount of time that it takes for a complete novice to move from opening the little box containing the Arduino interface board to having their first source code, also known as a sketch, up and running on that board. The Arduino software development environment is free to download and use with no lengthy registration procedures or end-user agreements, and there is little to no setup to get the board running with your computer, regardless of the platform, working equally well on Mac, Linux, and Windows- based PCs. The Arduino web site at www.arduino.cc provides easy-to-follow “Getting Started” tutorials and whenever you get stuck there is always the active, vocal, and generally helpful Arduino community that is willing to share its knowledge. This low barrier to programming embedded electronics means it’s possible to make lights blink in ten minutes flat with little to no prior experience. This chapter will walk you through t

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